Write a note on the development of literature in nineteenth-century India.
LITERATURE IN THE 19TH CENTURY: A Reflection of Nationalism and Complex Attitudes Towards British Rule
Introduction:
Literature in the 19th century played a pivotal role in reflecting the emerging sentiments and ideas associated with the freedom movement in India. While focusing primarily on Hindi, Gujarati, and Bengali languages, this analysis explores how literature expressed a broad identity of sentiments across Indian languages and contributed to the development of nationalism.
1. Emergence of National Consciousness and Political Associations: During the latter half of the 19th century, national consciousness and political associations began to take shape in various regions of India. The establishment of the Indian National Congress in 1885 marked a significant culmination of these developments, influencing both literature and the character of national consciousness.
1.1 Bengali Literature: Bankimchandra Chattopadhyaya
Bankimchandra Chattopadhyaya, a prominent Bengali intellectual, used his novels to inspire patriotic sentiments among his fellow countrymen. Through historical romances, he effectively combined history and imagination to create characters willing to sacrifice for justice and freedom. His most notable work, "Anandamath" (1882), included the famous song "Vande Mataram," which became a rallying cry for generations of patriots.
However, Bankim's nationalism also exhibited a pro-Hindu bias, sometimes taking an anti-Muslim stance, as seen in "Anandamath." This bias was not limited to him alone and showcased a broader trend among various nationalists.
1.2 Gujarati Literature: Govardhanram Madhavram Tripathi
Govardhanram Madhavram Tripathi's epic novel "Sarasvatichandra" (1887-1901) addressed India's multifaceted problems under British rule. It lamented India's loss of independence while acknowledging the British as rulers who could potentially prepare the country for self-rule. This trust in British justice and a belief in India's destiny were common sentiments of the time.
1.3 Hindi Literature: Bharatendu Harishchandra:
Bharatendu Harishchandra, a key figure in modern Hindi literature, utilized poetry, drama, and essays to convey nationalist messages. His writing reflected a dual attitude towards British rule. While recognizing the exploitative nature of foreign rule, he also acknowledged the positive influences brought about by British education and rule. This complex approach mirrored the broader sentiment among educated Indians.
2. Complex Attitudes Towards British Rule: The literature of the 19th century encapsulated the dual attitude of Indians towards British rule. On one hand, there was recognition of the exploitative nature of foreign rule, leading to a desire for freedom. On the other hand, there was an appreciation for certain benefits brought about by British education and administration.
2.1 Balanced Appreciation and Critique:
Writers like Chiplunkar and Bharatendu acknowledged the British rule's contributions to education and certain aspects of governance. They recognized the need for modernization and reform facilitated by British rule. However, they also criticized the oppressive aspects of colonial rule and its economic exploitation.
2.2 Subtle Resistance Through Literature:
Literature, through popular forms like songs and plays, became a means of subtly resisting British rule. The use of relatable and accessible language allowed even the illiterate masses to comprehend the reality of foreign rule and its exploitative tendencies. Concepts like "drain of wealth" were effectively communicated to the common people, revealing the stark realities of British imperialism.
ConclusionThe literature of the 19th century in India serves as a mirror reflecting the dual attitudes towards British rule. While appreciating certain benefits brought by foreign education and administration, writers also criticized the exploitative nature of colonial rule. This complex outlook highlights the evolving mindset of Indians as they navigated the path towards nationalism and freedom.